A newly disclosed vulnerability in the Apache ActiveMQ NMS AMQP Client has sent shockwaves through the messaging middleware community.
Tracked as CVE-2025-54539, this deserialization of untrusted data flaw carries an important severity rating and can allow malicious AMQP servers to execute arbitrary code on vulnerable client applications.
Organizations using the affected library are urged to apply updates without delay to shore up their messaging security posture.
- Vulnerability: Deserialization of untrusted data in AMQP client.
- Severity: Important.
- Affected Versions: All NMS AMQP Client through 2.3.0.
- Impact: Remote code execution on client side.
Flawed Deserialization Mechanism Opens Door to Attackers
Researchers at Endor Labs discovered that the Apache ActiveMQ NMS AMQP Client’s deserialization logic does not sufficiently validate data received from AMQP servers.
When a client establishes a connection to an untrusted server, specially crafted responses exploit the client’s unbounded deserialization routines. In effect, a deceitful server can package malicious payloads that trigger arbitrary code on the client side upon deserialization.
Although version 2.1.0 of the client introduced an allow/deny list feature to curb unsafe types, the researchers demonstrated ways to bypass these restrictions under specific conditions, rendering that defense ineffective.
- Unbounded deserialization routines in NMS AMQP.
- Allow/deny list feature introduced in 2.1.0 is bypassable.
- Malicious AMQP servers can send crafted payloads.
- Arbitrary code execution triggers on client deserialization.
The issue arises from the reliance on .NET binary serialization, a legacy mechanism being phased out by Microsoft in the upcoming .NET 9 release.
Apache maintainers noted that they are closely monitoring the deprecation timeline and considering the complete removal of binary serialization support from the NMS API in future ActiveMQ releases. However, this timetable leaves a critical window during which numerous .NET applications remain susceptible.
Widespread Impact on Messaging Infrastructures
ActiveMQ serves as a backbone for enterprise messaging, powering event-driven architectures, microservices communication, and IoT telemetry pipelines. Its NMS (Native Messaging Service) API provides .NET applications with AMQP connectivity to ActiveMQ brokers.
Adoption of the NMS AMQP Client extends across financial institutions, healthcare platforms, and logistics systems—any sector where reliable, high-throughput messaging is essential.
- Core use cases include microservices, financial transactions, and telemetry.
- Deployed in on-premises and cloud environments.
- Even hardened perimeters can’t prevent malicious broker connections.
- Attackers can compromise public or third-party AMQP endpoints.
Because the vulnerability can be triggered simply by connecting to a hostile AMQP server, even hardened network perimeters offer limited protection if a client inadvertently interacts with a malicious or compromised broker.
Attackers could weaponize public AMQP endpoints, third-party message exchanges, or internal staging servers to deliver payloads, potentially taking control of downstream services and exfiltrating sensitive data.
Urgent Mitigation and Long-Term Hardening Strategies
To address CVE-2025-54539, Apache ActiveMQ contributors have released version 2.4.0 of the NMS AMQP Client, which includes a fortified deserialization module that rejects untrusted types by default and incorporates stricter validation checks.
Users are strongly encouraged to upgrade immediately. Projects that rely heavily on .NET binary serialization should begin planning a migration to safer serialization frameworks such as JSON or protocol buffers to eliminate lingering attack surfaces.
In parallel, development teams should audit AMQP connection sources and enforce allow lists at the network level to restrict clients to known, trusted brokers. Incorporating runtime monitoring and anomaly detection can further alert administrators to suspicious deserialization events.
As Apache ActiveMQ evolves beyond binary serialization, these layered defenses will be critical in maintaining robust, resilient messaging environments.
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